Health Improvement And Innovation Health And Social Care Essay

Health Improvement And Innovation Health And Social Care Essay In the past the health service has been overly focused on commissioning for price and volume rather than quality and outcome. There was too much emphasis on treating illness rather than its prevention. Health inequalities have also been worsening and in England the rich can still expect to live for longer than the poor. Now is a new era for public health. The government is committed to closing the gap between the most advantaged and the least advantaged parts of society (GBDH, 2010a; GBDH, 2010b; GBDH 2010c; GBDH, 2010d). Health needs assessment (HNA) is a vital tool in this process because it targets services and support towards the most disadvantaged. It is a method for examining the health needs of a population leading to agreed priorities and resource allocation in order to improve public health (Hooper and Longworth, 1998). The purpose of this assignment is to undertake an HNA for the community that I currently work in as part of my Specialist Community Public Health Nurse (SCPHN) qualification in health visiting. In fact HNA is a standard of proficiency in order to gain professional registration (NMC, 2004). Recent evidence has increasingly demonstrated that the first few years of life greatly influence future health, wealth and happiness (Tickle, 2011; Field, 2010; Marmot, 2010). The involvement of health visitors during this period is vital as they are experts in public health. The Health Visitor Implementation Plan (2011) aims to expand the health visiting service with an extra 4,200 health visitors to be in post by 2015. This will support the Governments commitment to improve health outcomes by developing an understanding of the health needs of children, families and communities enabling the commission of services that are based on need. The five-step approach to HNA developed by Cavanagh and Chadwick (HDA, 2005) will be used as a framework for this assignment because it is simple, robust, flexible, and has been tested over several years. This five step process is based on the model outlined by Hooper and Longworth (2002). Due to time constraints and lack of resources only steps one to three of the five steps of HNA will be undertaken: step 1 (my community), step 2 (identifying health priorities) and step 3 (assessing a health priority for action). All of the data used within this assignment is within the public domain however effort has been made to protect identity. Step 1 My Community According to Cavanagh and Chadwick (2005) the community for HNA can be identified as those sharing: a geographic location like a housing estate; a setting such as a school, prison or workplace; a social experience like ethnicity or sexuality; or an experience of a particular condition for example mental illness or diabetes. The community has also been defined as a group of people who share an interest, a neighbourhood, or a common set of circumstances. They may or may not acknowledge membership of a particular community (Smithies and Adams, 1990). It is the common interest of people that is particularly significant for public health. This is because even though people operate as individuals, they may share characteristics or needs that can be assessed at a community level (Brocklehurst, 2004). However Naidoo and Wills (2000) state that individuals may be a part of different communities at various points in their lives rather than belonging to a single community. The community which i s the focus of this HNA is a geographical area. It has been chosen because it is attached to a GP practice from which a team of health visitors are based and most work is with clients within this community. It consists of two wards in the borough of North Tyneside. They will be referred to as ward A and ward B and will be compared to regional and national data available. Step 2 Identifying Health Priorities This section will focus on the identification of the health priorities of my community by considering the factors which may affect health conditions. These factors can be grouped into five categories: biological, social, economic, environmental and lifestyle. Biological The population of wards A and B are shown in appendix 1.1 using data from the census of 2001. Census data can be extremely useful however it has significant limitations. Its data rapidly goes out of date and only provides a picture of the UK population decennially. For example, wards A and B have experienced population change within the past ten years due to new housing developments therefore the 2001 census data may now be unrepresentative. For this reason a population estimate (appendix 1.2) based on expected births and deaths is often a valuable tool but must be used with caution as it is only a guide to what may happen if past trends continue. From the data it is clear that this borough has an ageing population but it is also notable that the percentage of the population under 5 years in both wards A and B is significantly higher than the regional and national percentages. This perhaps underlines the importance of the role of the health visitor in these wards. Appendix 1.3 illustrates that the combined male and female life expectancy for wards A and B are significantly lower than the North Tyneside and national figures. It is particularly alarming to note that some of those in ward A could potentially expect to live for seven years less than some living merely a few miles away in other parts of North Tyneside. The poor life expectancy of wards A and B may be due to the condition of their general health. These wards have worse general health than North Tyneside and England (appendix 1.4). That is, a greater percentage of those in wards A and B report poor health compared with locally and nationally. However Sen (2002) argues that there are complications in the self assessment of health because a persons own understanding of their health may differ from that of the healthcare professional. Therefore additional statistics should be used to assess health status. The prevalence of long-term health conditions in wards A and B as reported by the Quality Outcomes Framework (QOF) is also shown in appendix 1.5. Ward A has a higher prevalence of conditions such as coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cancer all of which contribute to lower life expectancy. Indeed CHD is the biggest cause of preventable death in England (British Heart Foundation, 2010). In contrast ward B has a similar prevalence of long-term conditions to that of the national. However data from within the QOF has several limitations. For example QOF was not originally designed as a research tool and its data is not externally validated. It has also been suggested that QOF data may be more favourably presented with the aim of maximising practice income (Ashworth et al., 2008) yet Doran et al. (2011) found that financial incentives had little impact upon the data. Further limitations include that prevalence data is not standardised for age and sex and that many patients appear simultaneously on more than one disease register (Ashworth et al., 2008). Mental health was seen as having equal importance to physical health for the first time in 2010 (GBDH 2010c). It was recognised that inequality contributes to mental health and in turn mental health can cause further inequality. Consequently tackling mental health is now a key priority for the Government (GBDH, 2011b). It is difficult to determine the exact prevalence of mental health disorders but there are indicators to reflect the situation in North Tyneside (appendix 1.6). For example benefit claims for mental health disorders along with hospital admissions due to self harm and mortality rates due to suicide are significantly greater in North Tyneside than England. Social The Marmot Review (2010) emphasised the correlation between lower social position and poor health. The social grade of those living in wards A and B is shown in appendix 2.1. Almost a quarter of those living in these wards are of lowest social grade compared with just 16% of people nationally. Marmot called for action to reduce social gradients in order to improve the health of communities like those living in wards A and B. Appendix 2.2 shows the measure of deprivation for wards A and B from the 2001 census. It is clear that both wards rank as some of most deprived in the country but as discussed earlier the census data is extremely out of date. After the 2001 census local super output areas (LSOAs) were created to improve reporting of small area statistics as it was thought that wards vary too much in size (ONS, 2011). The English Indices of Deprivation 2010 ranked LSOAs according to their deprivation level. It has undergone a range of procedures to assure its quality as well as being externally validated. According to the index North Tyneside is ranked as 113 out of 326 boroughs in England and is one of the least deprived areas in the North East. However within the borough there are pockets of extreme deprivation which fall into the 10% most deprived areas in England (ONS, 2011). It is difficult to determine ward level deprivation using LSOAs because they do not fit exactly into ward boundaries. Never theless appendix 2.3 shows estimates of the deprivation levels of wards A and B using a best fit geographical alignment combined with averaging the LSOA scores. It shows that these wards have been ranked as the most deprived wards in North Tyneside (North Tyneside Council, 2011). It has long been known that there is a relationship between deprivation and poor health (Marmot, 2010). In a social context this may be because a more deprived community is more likely to offer health risks such as higher crime rates (appendix 2.4) and poor housing. Research has shown that poor housing is associated with greater risk of cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and mental health conditions. The poorest communities are often made up from estates of mostly socially rented housing (Marmot, 2010). Indeed appendix 2.5 shows that wards A and B have a significantly higher percentage of people living in socially rented accommodation than regionally and nationally. Those who live in social housing have been found to have increased unemployment rates, poor health and disability than the rest of the population (Clarke et al., 2008). There is also evidence to suggest that children living in social housing have a greater risk of disadvantage in adult life (Feinstein et al., 2008, Harker, 2006). Further, poor housing conditions like overcrowding can influence health. Appendix 2.6 illustrates the increased problem of overcrowding in wards A and B relative to North Tyneside and England. Economic Social gradient in communities is also affected by patterns of employment. Appendix 3.1 shows employment levels in wards A and B and it is clear that the percentage unemployed is significantly higher in these wards than in the rest of North Tyneside and England. Evidence suggests that the unemployed have considerably increased health risks including higher incidence of limiting long term conditions and mental health problems (Thomas et al., 2005; Gallo et al., 2006). In addition Jin et al. (1997) demonstrated a relationship between unemployment and decreased life expectancy although this research is dated. Perhaps it could be said that the poorer health and decreased life expectancy of wards A and B previously discussed may be linked to their high levels of unemployment. Physical and mental health is also affected by low paid, poor quality employment. Appendix 3.2 illustrates that the percentage of those in elementary, low level employment is greater in wards A and B than regionally and nationally. There are also less people working in managerial and professional roles in these wards. Further, those with few or no qualifications have the highest rates of unemployment and poor quality employment (Marmot, 2010). Appendix 3.3 clearly shows that wards A and B have a significantly greater proportion of people with no formal qualifications than figures for North Tyneside, North East and England. There is a well established link between income and poor health because those with lower incomes cannot buy items that maintain health and have to buy cheaper goods that could elevate health risks (Marmot, 2010). Appendix 3.4 shows that the average weekly income is less in wards A and B than the average for the North East. Unfortunately there is no data available for North Tyneside or England to enable comparison. The data discussed above forms a picture of the economic factors that influence health in my community. The data is from the census 2001 and as previously stated it is ten years out of date. Consequently a greatly significant limitation of the data is that it will not reflect changes caused by the recent economic downturn. Therefore wards A and B could currently have worsened levels of unemployment and income however this cannot be confirmed until the results of the 2011 census are published. Environmental An important factor in reducing health inequality is creating an environment where people can live healthily. Those who live near areas of green space such as parks can have improved health and wellbeing (Croucher et al., 2007). Green space may also encourage social integration, physical activity and improve quality of air. Appendix 4.1 shows a decreased percentage of green space areas in wards A and B compared to the borough. Another contributing factor to the creation of a healthy living environment is reducing cold housing. The cold is thought to be the main cause of extra deaths each year during the winter (Marmot, 2010). It is clear that the ability to afford to keep a warm home is crucial in the prevention of these deaths. Appendix 4.2 shows the percentage of households with central heating in wards A and B. Ward B has a significantly lower percentage of households with central heating than regionally and nationally. This data is again out of date and will not reflect recent rises in fuel costs. In November 2008 the increased price of fuel caused fuel poverty in more than half of single pensioners and two thirds of workless households (Bradshaw et al., 2008). This is important to note considering the ageing population of North Tyneside and the high unemployment levels of wards A and B. Finally appendix 4.3 shows information regarding car ownership. Wards A and B have a lower percentage of households without a car than North Tyneside and England. In fact the percentage of those with no car in these wards is double that of England. Transport is vital because it enables access to employment, education, services and social networks (GBDT, 2004). Transport also has an impact on health inequalities when considering deaths from road traffic accidents (RTAs). RTAs are thought to be particularly high among children who live in the most deprived areas in England (GBDT, 2009). However appendix 4.4 shows that the rate of injuries and deaths from RTAs is much lower in North Tyneside compared with England although data at ward level is unavailable. Lifestyle Lifestyle choices have a huge impact on health. England has one of the highest obesity rates in Europe (WHO, 2012). It is linked with increased risk of conditions such as diabetes, cancer and mental health problems (GBDH 2011c). The percentage of obese adults in North Tyneside is significantly higher than the national average and there are less healthy eating adults locally than nationally (appendix 5.1). This data is from the Health Survey for England (HSE) and is based on a sample of the population therefore estimates are subject to sampling error. In contrast to the findings above the Active People Survey found that the percentage of physically active adults in North Tyneside is greater than that of England (appendix 5.1) but this data also has several limitations. Firstly it is not age standardised and it is likely that those who are younger undertake the recommended levels of physical activity. Secondly the survey is self reported so may be subject to responder bias. Finally the data does not include active recreation such as housework or active transport. There is great concern over the trends for childhood obesity in England and more than 20% of children are overweight or obese by the age of 3 (Rudolph, 2009). Appendix 5.2 contains data from the National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) which shows that wards A and B have higher percentages of obese children in year 6 than nationally. But the NCMP has a considerably low participation level therefore it is likely that some prevalence of childhood obesity figures are underestimated. Indeed there were a much lower number of children measured in the North East than any other region. There may also be an element of selection bias particularly with the year 6s where those who do not participate are those most likely to be obese. These limitations must be addressed in order to improve accuracy of the data. Smoking is the single greatest preventable cause of illness and premature death in England (GBDH 2011) but 1 in 5 adults remain smokers (Robinson and Bugler 2010). Appendix 5.3 shows that the prevalence of smokers is greater in North Tyneside than England. This data could be affected by responder bias as it is self reported and therefore lead to underestimation of the prevalence of smoking. Regular heavy drinking has caused a huge increase in liver disease and is currently the fifth biggest cause of death in England (GBDH 2011). Appendix 5.4 illustrates that the rate of alcohol related hospital admissions in North Tyneside is much higher than the national average. It also shows that the rate of alcohol specific hospital stays for those under 18 in the borough is double that of England. In addition 33% of people were found to binge drink in North Tyneside compared with just 20% in England. Clearly harm from alcohol is a huge concern for the borough. Appendix 5.5 demonstrates the higher rate of under 18 conceptions in North Tyneside than England. Teenage pregnancy is a major social concern as teenage mothers are at increased risk of poverty, poor health and lower educational attainment. They are also considerably less likely to breastfeed and access services (DfE, 2006). The evidence also shows that children born to teenagers have greater chance of experiencing a range of negative outcomes later in life (GBDH, 2008). Breastfeeding has a huge positive impact on the health of both mother and baby (Wilson et al., 1998; Horta et al., 2007; Quigley et al., 2012). But for the past fifty years the UK has had some of the lowest rates of breastfeeding in the world (WHO, 2010) even though UK policy clearly promotes breastfeeding (GBDH, 2003; NICE, 2008; GBDH, 2012). Breastfeeding is a huge factor in promoting public health and reducing health inequalities as there is increasing recognition that women from lower socio-economic groups have decreased rates of breastfeeding. Indeed appendix 5.6 shows breastfeeding statistics for North Tyneside and it is evident that both breastfeeding initiation and prevalence at 6-8 weeks are significantly decreased in the borough compared with nationally. It would be interesting to compare with ward level data however this is currently unavailable. The data is considered accurate however there remain some limitations. For example the initiation data is susceptible to observe r and measurement bias because it based on observation by the midwives or nurses who record the data and interpret whether or not breastfeeding has been initiated. Similarly the number of infants who are totally or partially breastfed at the 6-8 week check is also based on observation so the same bias may arise. The method of data collection also assumes that all infants whose breastfeeding status is unknown are not breastfed resulting in underestimation of its prevalence. Even so it is obvious that low breastfeeding rates are of significant concern for the borough. Step 3 This section will focus on the identification of a health need for action. The concept of need in relation to HNA can be discussed using the frequently quoted taxonomy of need by Bradshaw (1972) which considers: Normative need perceptions of what professionals, experts or commissioners define as need based on available data. Felt need perceptions of what the profiled population feel that they need. Expressed need demand of the profiled population or felt need turned into action. Comparative need the need found by those who receive a service. When selecting a priority for action HNA should balance these different needs (Thurtle, 2008; Cavanagh and Chadwick 2005). Therefore a significant limitation of this HNA is that only normative need is taken into account as only quantitative research is used. The incorporation of qualitative research would address felt, expressed and comparative need and greatly strengthen this HNA. It is evident from step 2 that North Tyneside has many health needs. Those of highest priority appear to be mental health, adult and childhood obesity, smoking, alcohol intake, teenage conceptions and breastfeeding. As an aspiring health visitor the priority that if addressed could have the greatest impact and changeability in my community is breastfeeding. As discussed previously breastfeeding is supported by much evidence for the short and long term health benefits for both mother and baby (UNICEF, 2012). The government recognises the importance of improving initiation and prevalence of breastfeeding and it has been included in the Public Health Outcomes Framework 2013-2015 to encourage the prioritisation of local breastfeeding support. Yet as illustrated in step 2 North Tyneside has extremely poor rates of breastfeeding. There are also more teenage mothers in the borough and wards A and B are areas of extreme deprivation. Research has found that females under 20 demonstrate the lowest incidence of breastfeeding (Infant Feeding Survey, 2010) and that there is a relationship between low rates of breastfeeding and socioeconomic deprivation (Dyson et al., 2010). Current services to promote breastfeeding in North Tyneside include breastfeeding support groups and a breastfeeding coordinator who visits the homes of breastfeeding mothers to provide one on one support. However the support groups are based mainly in more affluent areas and the coordinator has a massive caseload often failing to see many struggling mothers. Perhaps the supporting and influencing of disadvantaged younger mothers would be easier if the NHS embraced the technology that these people use on a daily basis. The proposed action of this HNA is to use social media to engage with hard to reach mothers to provide breastfeeding information and support. Social media is a modern, convenient and cost effective method of communication. Research from OFCOM (2012) showed that in the past year 50% of adults used the internet to access social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter. In addition social networking has now overtaken text messaging as the most used method of communication among 16-24 year olds in the last two years. A study for the NHS Confederation (2012) recommended that health organisations should act immediately to avoid falling behind and to use social media to become communitarians that is, to engage, listen, respond and support communities. There is a significant lack of literature concerning social media and the N HS but Hawker (2010) suggests that some health organisations are starting to become more digitally connected. Still it is clear that a vast amount of further research in this area must be undertaken. In conclusion this HNA has identified breastfeeding as an urgent priority for intervention in my community. The proposed action is to take advantage of social media opportunities in order to engage with young or disadvantaged mothers who require breastfeeding support and advice. Indeed the Health Visitor Implementation Plan (2011) called for more innovative approaches to the profession. Incorporating such a change into health visiting practice would of course be a huge challenge that would require planning, funding and training of staff. But now is the time to develop a new service vision and to embrace these opportunities. This will establish health visiting as a central part of community health, working with families to improve health equity and life chances.

Baobab

1. Description 2. Background Information a. Common Names African Baobab, Baobab, Monkey Bread Tree, Upside Down Tree, Cream of Tartar Tree b. Scientific Name Adansonia digitata L. c. Family Name Bombacaceae 3. Species a. Adansonia digitata L. b. Adansonia Grandidieri c. Adansonia Gregorii d. Adansonia Madagascarcariensis e. Adansonia Perrieri f. Adansonia rubrostipa g. Adansonia suarezensis h. Adansonia za 4. Geographical Distribution/Distribution Range a. Located in Semiarid regions of tropical Africa, including countries south of the Sahara except Liberia, Uganda, Djibouti, Burundi and Central African Republic. . Found in coastal areas of eastern and western Africa c. In East Africa – found in the lowlands 5. Conservation Status 6. Importance and Use a. Leaves b. Fruit c. Food Uses d. Seeds 7. Environmental Characteristics 8. Morphological Traits and Variation a. Characteristics b. Traits c. Genetic Variation 9. Threats 10. Socio-economic Value 11. Environmental Impact 12. E ffects on Indigenous People Adansonias reach heights of 5 to 30 m (16 to 98 ft) and have trunk diameters of 7 to 11 m (23 to 36 ft) †¢ Adansonia digitata L. African Baobab (western, northeastern, central & southern Africa, and in Oman and Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula, Asia) †¢ Adansonia grandidieri Baill. – Grandidier's Baobab (Madagascar) †¢ Adansonia gregorii F. Muell. (syn. A. gibbosa) – Boab or Australian Baobab (northwest Australia) †¢ Adansonia madagascariensis Baill. – Madagascar Baobab (Madagascar) †¢ Adansonia perrieri Capuron – Perrier's Baobab (North Madagascar) †¢ Adansonia rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony) – Fony Baobab (Madagascar) †¢ Adansonia suarezensis H. Perrier – Suarez Baobab (Diego Suarez, Madagascar) †¢ Adansonia za Baill. Za Baobab (Madagascar)[5] Distributional range: Native: †¢ AFRICA Northeast Tropical Africa: Chad; Ethiopia; Somalia; Sudan East Tropical Afri ca: Kenya; Tanzania West-Central Tropical Africa: Cameroon; Zaire West Tropical Africa: Benin; Burkina Faso; Cote D'Ivoire; Ghana; Guinea; Mali; Niger; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo South Tropical Africa: Angola; Malawi; Mozambique; Zambia; Zimbabwe Southern Africa: Botswana; Namibia; South Africa – Transvaal Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar Naturalized: †¢ widely naturalized in tropics Cultivated: †¢ AFRICA Africa †¢ ASIA-TROPICAL Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh; India; Sri LankaMalesia: Indonesia – Java †¢ SOUTHERN AMERICA Caribbean: West Indies South America An Ecosystem Within a Tree The sculptured branches, with their hollows, dents and bloated stems, provide shelter and home for a great variety of animals. Galagos (bushbaby), squirrels, rodents, lizards, snakes and tree frogs, as well as spiders, scorpions and insects may live out their entire life in a single tree. Holes in the trunk provide ideal nesting sites for birds such as rollers, hornbi lls, parrots, kestrels and spinetails. Larger cavities are frequently occupied by families of Barn Owls or Ground Hornbills.Eagles, vultures and storks frequently build their large stick nests on the outer branches, and the colonial nests of Red-billed Buffalo-weavers are more often found in Baobabs than any other tree. Uses to Mankind For centuries, the baobab tree has played an important role in the economy and culture of Africa. Practically every part of the tree is useful and in Sudan they are so highly valued that individual trees may be privately owned! The wood itself is too fibrous for structural use but the bark is shredded into strands of fibre for use as rope, baskets, nets, snares and cloth.Tonics and cosmetics are derived from the roots, and spinach and soup from the large palmate leaves. The seeds may be ground into a coffee-substitute or eaten fresh and the white pulp is used as ‘cream of tartar' for baking. The hollow trunks of living trees have served as homes , storage barns, places of refuge or worship, and even as prisons or tombs. One tree at Katimo Mulilo in Namibia has suffered the rather ignominious fate of having been converted into a flush toilet, while one near Gravelotte in South Africa's Northern Province was once used as a bar where up to a dozen thirsty gold diggers would quench their thirst.The Future Because of its many uses and its ability to survive in semi-arid conditions, the Baobab survives in the face of man's expansion across the continent. Ironically, the tree is probably most at risk in wildlife reserves where confined populations of African Elephant may outstrip their resources and demolish and consume baobab trees in their struggle for survival. [pic] Baobabs are trees recognisable by their distinctive swollen stems. Occurring naturally in the dry areas of Magagascar, Africa and Australia, they store massive amounts of water in their stems to cope with seasonal droughts.The tree's fruits are large pods known as ‘monkey bread' or ‘cream of tartar fruit' and are rich in vitamin C. One baobab tree in South Africa, known as ‘Big Baobab', has a circumference of 47 metres and even a bar for 60 people inside the trunk. 1. The African tribes call the tree â€Å"the upside down tree†. When bare of leaves, the spreading branches of the Baobab look like roots sticking up into the air as if it had been planted upside-down. An African legend tells that the baobab was amongst the first trees to appear on Earth.When the palm tree, the flame tree and the fig tree appeared, the Baobab began to grumble that it wanted to be taller, to have brilliant flame coloured flowers, and bear tasty fruit too. The Gods grew angry at this incessant wailing and pulled up the tree by its roots, and replanted in upside down to keep it quiet! 2. The African baobab tree is also called the â€Å"tree of life† as it can store water during the drought season which is sometimes vital to the rural p opulation. Large baobab trees could contain more than 30,000 gallons of water, and to get to it, Kalahari bushmen use hollow pieces of grass like a straw to suck the water out. . The baobab is Africa's latest fair trade sensation. On the 15th July 2008 the European Union has officially approved the export of powdered baobab fruit to the United Kingdom as a healthy additive to cereal bars and smoothies. The baobab is said to have three times the vitamin C content of an orange, and as much calcium as a glass of milk. According to Britain's University of Southampton, the baobab is rich in vitamin B1, B2, and C, and calcium, plus it's bursting with antioxidants. 4. The citric and tartaric acids found in the pulp provide the base for cream of tartar, often used as a baking ingredient. . Because of their size, people have been storing supplies in old hollow trunks or have been living inside a Baobab Tree. Have a look at a website called â€Å"bigbaob† for some amazing videos. 6. Na tural medicine uses the bark of the Baobab to lower fevers, chewing a leave is apparently waking you up and ingesting some of the tartar powder is helping with stomach aches. 7. In rural Africa the bark is used to make ropes and even clothing. Article Source: http://EzineArticles. com/4214639 Why the Baobab is endangeredSevere droughts of recent years have affected the thorn woodlands of the savannahs and fears have been expressed about the regeneration of plant species. In Sudan the over-use of multipurpose fruit trees, such as the Baobab, has become a significant problem. There is high year-round demand for fruits, even in cities like Khartoum. With fruit being collected from wild stands of trees, stocks are decreasing and no provision is made for replacing these trees – no plantations have ever been seen in Sudan. In cities seeds are just thrown away as garbage, eliminating any chance of regeneration.There is often a lack of awareness by the local people on the need to pla nt, protect and manage under-utilized fruit species. It is believed that in the past the Baobab fruits were widely eaten by large animals, especially elephants. They dispersed seeds and broke the seed dormancy which encouraged regeneration. With elephants now in danger of extinction because of habitat destruction and illegal killing, the natural regeneration of Baobab has been badly affected. Practical Action realized the importance of organizing a campaign to save the endangered species of this region, especially the Baobab tree.What’s the cause? The Baobab tree is on the endangered list for many reasons. For one, droughts within the tree’s habitat have caused them to not have enough water to grow properly. Also, these trees are often cut down so that people can use the trunks to store water in, which can hold about 2376 gallons of water. The fruit is also used for making porridge as well as the leaves, which can be used to make a salad. Some of these seeds are even e aten by elephants, but the elephants would be able to break the seed dormancy which will cause regeneration; however, the population of the elephant is also endangered.Because of all of this, many Baobab trees are used for multiple purposes which then cause the trees population to decline because no one is taking the time to replace the trees that were used. To help regenerate the Baobab Tree, a group known as Practical Action has come about, which aims to save this species of tree before it’s too late. They collect and plant seeds, raise awareness, and encourage others to plant Baobab trees as well. Read more: http://www. toptenz. net/top-10-endangered-trees. php#ixzz2Bkpm44sJ Read more at http://www. toptenz. net/top-10-endangered-trees. php#8rIWSqRUArdUEQt3. 99The food industry is always looking to launch the next big thing Providing these exotic products for Western palates can be both good and bad for the environment. There is the obvious concern of carbon and transporti ng these products over long distances. However, these new markets allow local farmers and suppliers to enjoy newfound wealth. Deforestation, fair trade, and sustainability are other issues. However, the demand for some fruit trees can result in reforestation and afforestation projects. Baobabs,  Adansonia sp. , consist of eight species, which are naturally found on the continents of Africa and Australia.Six species are native to Madagascar, so Madagascar has the highest endemism. Mainland Africa and Australia both have one species. The entire genus is spectacular. The first image below shows the giant  Adansonia grandidieri, which is endemic to Madagascar. This titan-sized tree is considered endangered. Baobabs are trees recognisable by their distinctive swollen stems. Occurring naturally in the dry areas of Magagascar, Africa and Australia, they store massive amounts of water in their stems to cope with seasonal droughts. The tree's fruits are large pods known as ‘monkey bread' or ‘cream of tartar fruit' and are rich in vitamin C.One baobab tree in South Africa, known as ‘Big Baobab', has a circumference of 47 metres and even a bar for 60 people inside the trunk. Adansonia is a genus of eight species of tree, six native to Madagascar, one native to mainland Africa and the Arabian Peninsula and one to Australia. The mainland African species also occurs on Madagascar, but it is not a native of that island. A typical common name is baobab. Other common names include boab, boaboa, tabaldi, bottle tree, upside-down tree, and monkey bread tree. The generic name honours Michel Adanson, the French naturalist and explorer who described A. igitata. Baobabs (Adansonia spp. ) are iconic trees, known for their immense size, strange forms, sources of food Baobab trees are iconic plants and represent some of the most recognisable trees in the world. The eight species of baobabs reside in the single genus, Adansonia. Madagascar is their centre of divers ity, with six species endemic to the island. These include A. grandidieri, A. madagascariensis, A. perrieri, A. rubrostipa, A. suarezensis and A. za (Baum 1995, Wickens & Lowe 2008) The baobabs are trees of considerable importance in local economies

Details of Others Before You Essay Samples

Details of Others Before You Essay Samples To distinguish between the sorts of essays is only a matter of identifying the author's objective. Browsing our essay writing service to others essay samples can provide you an idea whether the standard of our essays is the quality you are searching for. A number of the things are linked to example essays to provide you with even more inspiration. Hopefully, the discussions along with the essay examples presented above have enlightened you so that you are now able to begin making your own essay. Whatever topic you've got to write about, it is crucial to consider whether there is sufficient information available and whether you are able to provide adequate insight into this issue. Begin with general subjects that you are conversant with then narrow down to a certain topic. Feel free to choose a topic you will delight in writing about and not just one which you think will please your professor. Just stick to the guidelines stated above, and you will be well on your way to writing a fantastic persuasive essay. Possessing good essay examples provides the reader an in-depth and on-the-court idea about what a well structured and coherent essay appears like. When you settle on this issue and select the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. Now that you know what an awful topic appears like, it's time to speak about what a great topic resembles. A Secret Weapon for Others Before You Essay Samples High school essay writing is a typical classroom activity and is also part of several normal examinations. The aim of the essay is to explain the process itself, so you're going to break it down into various measures. The value of research in persuasive writing can't be overstated. Lousy synthesis topics can arrive in an assortment of forms. Essay writing is often practiced is schools. You might also check out the way to outline an essay. The amazing argumentative Scholarship Essay Samples formats and samples are just world-class, and they'll inspire folks to write argumentative essays in various competitions. Furthermore, you are able to also have a look at our Argumentative Essay templates. You are able to use narrative essay examples high school to find out more. Students have to compose essays based on the teacher's instructions or their preferred style in writing. Business essay is an indispensable assignment of the majority of business related advanced courses. Scholarship essay isn't a paper at which you can forgive yourself misspellings or formatting inaccuracy. A newspaper might have a good deal of appendices. The tradition is allowed in some states, but it's frowned upon and illegal in a lot more states. On account of the outline, you're going to learn where you're heading and what topic that you're likely to tackle next. You don't necessarily understand how you feel regarding a specific subject or topic and you allow research together with your own direction to decide on the outline. You'll usually begin with the dictionary definition, to be able to give yourself a starting point. Evidently, you ought not purposely choose a topic that will bore your audience. The simplest approach to fix the sort of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. Bear in mind, any source employed in your essay has to be included in your reference section. No matter which type of essay you're writing about, it's always important to continue to keep things organized and having paragraphs can assist you with that. You're able to start with rhetoric questions, put three dots at the close of the sentence to reveal your thoughtfulness. Generally, the paragraphs are short. Your paragraphs do not connect one another's meaning along with the full thought of your essay may be incomprehensible. You'll have all you need to make an outstanding essay! The ending of the poem can be viewed with regard to the maturation of the human brain with the coming of science. You won't ever get bored in the plan of writing because it is similar to ranting all your thoughts in a scholarly and intellectual method. Therefore the poem conveys the notion of the value of nature to human being and why it's always best to synchronize with this.

Essay about Main Features of The New Deal - 4123 Words

Main Features of The New Deal In 1929, the stock market collapsed causing a worldwide economic depression, destroying America’s economy with many people losing their life savings therefore thrusting them into unemployment and poverty. Unemployment reached highs of over 13 million whilst the GNP for the country reached as low as $58 billion, compared to the $100 billion+ pre depression figures, because demand and production fell so dramatically. People were forced out of their homes and moved to shantytowns known as ‘Hoovervilles’. The president in power at the time, J. Edgar Hoover, refused to use the government funds in order to help the American people. He believed that America was a land of†¦show more content†¦The main features of the New Deal were what are known as the alphabet agencies as they all their names were reduced to acronyms, which were government, funded and employed many people. Each agency had specific responsibilities to help get America back on track. The initial a gencies were: Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, Public Works Administration (which later became the Works Progress Administration), Agricultural Adjustment Administration and the Tennessee Valley Authority. Another feature of the New Deal was the various acts passed, which were: The Emergency Banking Act, Securities Exchange Act and the National Industrial Recovery Act. The first thing Roosevelt did as part of his New Deal was to pass the aforementioned Emergency Banking Act which declared a bank holiday and closed all banks for at least 8 days. During those 8 days, government workers investigated the banks reopening only those that were deemed reliable, sound and safe. Soon they officially opened 5000 banks reassuring Americans that their money was indeed safe. This helped solve the depression partly as it helped return some confidence to the Americans, which meant that more people would spend or invest money. This was a huge success because as soon as the banks had re-opened, over $1 billion was deposited back into them. While this was taking place, RooseveltShow MoreRelatedMain Features of the New Deal Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesMain Features of the New Deal In 1932 Roosevelt came to power. He aimed to invest government money in making America prosperous again after the depression years of Hoover. Roosevelts main aims were to reduce unemployment and get Americans earning money again, to protect peoples savings, homes and livelihoods, to provide relief for the ill, the elderly and the unemployed and to get American industry and agriculture running once again. In his first hundred daysRead MoreThe Main Features of The New Deal Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesThe Main Features of The New Deal When Roosevelt came to power in 1933 he immediately set about stopping the depression and to bring economic recovery. He done this by a bill called The New Deal, the main aim of this was to provide relief for victims of the depression. Because of Roosevelt was so successful with his plan and term of presidency he was elected for another three more times until 1948. The main important time during his presidency and The New Deal wasRead MoreThe Main Features of the New Deal Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesThe Main Features of the New Deal The New Deals were a series of Acts and schemes which Roosevelt hoped would pull America out of the depression. Roosevelt decided to tackle the economic problems before he did anything else because he knew that a strong and reliable money system would build up confidence in the Americans, which would act as a foundation for the American economy. In 1933 Roosevelt proved to the Americans that the promises he made before he was presidentRead MoreWhat Is A Steady Approach To Introducing A Minimum Viable Product736 Words   |  3 Pagesworks. Once you are up with the rough version of what you want, then scale it up from there. Lean Startup movement is behind the whole idea of MVP. A MVP can be based on strategies directed towards designing and launching a product to the market. The main goal is to minimize the development cost and provide quickly and immediately. So if you are ready to work on any idea you got, here are basic things you should consider before creating a MVP. Do your Homework! In Lean Startup methodology, it is allRead MoreQuestions On Advance Software Engineering1655 Words   |  7 Pagesnot for particular interval or not and thus it improves safety and reliability. 2. Describe the Feature Drive Development process. Why is FDD better than most software development paradigms? What are some issues with this methodology? Why is having a 2 week feature development time advantageous over methodologies that have significantly longer development iterations?(Min 200 words) Solution: Feature driven development is an agile process that can be applied to any software project irrespectiveRead MoreTips For A Day Caribbean Cruise For $ 179, Affordable, Reliable And Upfront About Real Totals1107 Words   |  5 PagesThere is an endless number of travel sites out there, all claiming to have the lowest fares, cheapest rooms and best deals, but most of them neglect to mention their outlandish hidden fees and costs. I couldn t count the number of times I ve thought I found a great deal, like a 4 day Caribbean cruise for $179, just to have the total be teetering on $1000 by the time they add in taxes, security fees, and baggage costs. So I ve compiled a list of all the sites I ve found to be the most affordableRead MoreWaterfall Life Cycle Model and Agile Methodology1355 Words   |  5 Pagesresolved. If stakeholders, developers or system analysts want to make some changes or give some feedback that can be included in the processing of second part. Because this method allows making changes in between, developers can add various features like new code, latest updates or patches in the existing code. In agile methodology, end product is delivered on time as each part is tested and bugs are resolved. Hence agile method is used in those companies where rapid production is required and endRead MoreCase Study : Strategies And Solutions Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesCX Strategies: Technically, Avtex Solutions has two main practice areas, which are contact center (CC) technologies, and CRM solutions. However, as time went on, the company started to mold the two separate areas together under customer experience (CX). They established this innovation through the realization that they were leaving money on the table when it came to cx consulting. Chris Munshaw has stepped into the lead role for this effort at Avtex, and his official title is CX Evangelist. â€Å"I guessRead MoreCall Of Duty : Black Ops IIi1104 Words   |  5 Pageschanged both the landscape as well as the future of the human race, with society violently protesting and attempting to halt further advancements touted by scientists as progress. Military technology has progressed to the point where robotics play a main role in combat, and supersoldiers have been developed to fight in the battlefield. Humans have reached the point where they are considered to be more machine than flesh and blood. As a result, there is speculation and fear about an eventual roboticRead MoreApple s New Digital Wallet998 Words   |  4 Pageswidely used around the world to make payments. Apple in a recent news report mentioned that its new digital wallet â€Å"ApplePay† will be very successful in the coming years. Hence, the main question that stands out from all of them is that what are going to be the advantages and the disadvantages. Apple’s digital wallet is the main point of view in this essay. ApplePay one could say is an alternative to Google Wallet but with a lot more features in it. There are a lot of rumors going on but according to the

Essay Personal Experience What to do with our Leisure Time

There is always a choice of things that we are able to do in our leisure time. Whether the activity involves, driving with friends, going to a movie, or working out, there is always a choice. What most people do not realize, is our choices have several influences. As reported by Leisure enhancement (2004), leisure is a free-willed act that one chooses to do during their free time, where one does not feel obliged to do, mindless if it is enjoyable to them or not. Be that as it may, how does one engage in an activity unwillingly without pressure or influences? These influences better known as sociocultural factors, are the main influences that drive us to be who we are. They also determine how we spend our†¦show more content†¦To put this in perspective, that means I spend approximately 3 hours a day doing physical activity. The physical activity I take part in, and other leisure time activities such as hanging out with my friends and visual entertainment (TV and video games), takes up 25% of my week, which is 1 quarter. I also found that I spend 33% of my week (56 hours) sleeping. This is a lot of leisure time that’s spent sleeping, instead of other activities. I spend most of my week with school related activities and responsibilities such as class, homework, council, and walking between classes. This together takes up about 30% of my week, which is about 1/3rd of my weekly schedule. Since I rarely travel because of living on residence, I only travel about 4-6 hours a week on transit which is only 3%. The rest of my free time during the week is spent doing residence chores such as cleaning, cooking, and organizing. This takes up about 9% of my weekly schedule. It would seem that in total most of my leisure time is spent doing physical activities, and things that I would like to do, instead of things that rather constrain me from participating. This ultimately is the cause of the sociocultural factors that, I face. How they are facilitated can be viewed further in my time map. When speaking about leisure time, the words agency and structure come to mind due to their power in relation to ones leisure time.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Philosophy and Therapeutic Recreation 1533 Words   |  7 Pagesrationale in which to further explore the concept of leisure, define my professional philosophy and an opportunity to reflect critically on the field which I have chosen and my evolving role within it. Defining Leisure Perhaps one of the more perplexing conditions of offering leisure to all is choosing how I define it. Leisure, by modern standards, is commonly measured and understood in relation to freedom of choice, and time, especially time away from work (Kelly, 2009; Stebbins, 2006; BarrettRead MoreLeisure And Leisure Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Leisure plays many roles in our lives. The roles it plays differ from person to person depending on the kind of leisure a person takes part in. Taking part in leisure activities benefits everyone in diverse ways. Leisure activities contribute to our personal well-being through physical, social, emotional, psychological and spiritual ways. Factors affect the choices of our leisure activities especially constraints. Everyone experiences constraints to leisure such as interpersonal, intrapersonalRead MoreThe National Pedagogy And Transformation Of Leisure Concept1559 Words   |  7 PagesTransformation of Leisure Concept It was against this circumstance, every level of governments prioritised economy development as their first agenda. While facing with material civilization and spiritual civilization, a dilemma how to balance these two civilization was front the reformer, Compared with Maoist resentment towards leisure, which was treated as the bourgeoisie idleness impeded for the development of socialism society and then had been cursed, while, the perception towards leisure is transformingRead MoreWhat Is Your Personal Leisure Identity?930 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is your personal Leisure Identity? Please describe. I have quite an interesting leisure identity as I work at a nursing home facilitating and engaging in leisure activities on a regular basis. Being apart of the recreation field I have found myself enjoying many of the activities I facilitate and am always introduced to may new ones as well. Apart from my work life, I enjoy going for walks on trails that are in wooded areas, socializing with my friends at coffee shops and cooking differentRead MoreLeisure : The Context Of Contemporary Leisure1370 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is exactly is leisure? My one and only question when I decided to enroll in a class dedicated to leisure, recreation, parks, and tourism. According to Chapter one in the book Pastimes: The Context of Contemporary Leisure, leisure is an intricate and dynamic concept with different meanings depending on the context. My initial reaction to reading the books definition of leisure was one of confusion. Looking deeper into the course reading, I saw the author dive deepe r into the very broad and unexplainedRead MorePsychology And Camping At Chutes Provincial Park1656 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyzing my leisure experience at Chutes Provincial Park through a psychological lens. More specifically I will be looking at the positive psychology movement. Kahneman and Krueger (2006) believe that â€Å"positive psychology focuses on the well-being and flourishing of individuals and communities† (as quoted in Mock, Mannell, Guttentag, 2016, pp. 41). In addition to looking at well-being, positive psychology studies human functioning (Mock et al., 2016, pp.41). My camping experience at Chutes ProvincialRead MoreSports Are So Personal, Athletes949 Words   |  4 Pagesaction sports are so personal, athletes love what they do. At the end of the day extreme athletes, and those that are physically active, feel more accomplished and they desire to get back out there again and again because they love to explore and express themselves in their life-style choices. If people never had a desire to become more, imagine how boring the world would be; nevertheless, because of action-athletically minded people great changes are made daily. â€Å"Athletes generally do have â€Å"thrill-seeking†Read MoreLeisure Lifestyle From Past, Present And Future Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pageshis/her own definition of fun. Similarly, leisure is also the word with multiple explanation as well, which will be the main discussion in this paper. The topic for this paper is to describe one’s leisure lifestyle from past, present and maybe future. Based on â€Å"Nash’s Pyramid of Leisure Time Use,† a topic that was discussed in the class RECL-10 Create Meaning Life at San Jose State University, by Professor Philly Toney I can confident write about my leisure lifestyle from childhood up until now. AfterRead MoreYoung Adults Are Becoming Lost Arts Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagesdone on a college campus maybe the older generations are terribly wrong. Reading is what morphs a person into who they. Maybe millennials are reading, but just not in the same manner or ways as older generations. My first experience with reading, that I can remember, was in the second grade. We had an allotted time each day where we took a break from learning to read. We would get to pick what we wanted from our little classroom library. The options were endless, Junie B. Jones to superheroes andRead MoreAnnette Lareau on Unequal Childhoods Essay755 Words   |  4 Pagesmiddle-class American homes the notion of making last minute plans to share quality time with family and friends is challenging. With their priority for leisure time being focused on their children’s futures, making plans often involves two to four weeks advance notice. However, 200 million working-class and poverty level families accommodate those last minute plans with ease. Parenting styles in American families is what Annette Lareau addresses in Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life.

The Good Woman of Setzguan Brecht Free Essays

Tee’s forced choice to become Shush Ta underscores the impossibility of good and veil’s coexistence. Through Sheen Tee’s exploitation by the family and the unemployed man and through the extravagant demands Of many Of her acquaintances, the playwright argues the selfishness and nonchalance which infect people’s public relations, creating an ominous environment for good to exist in. Hence, he provides Sheen Et with a male self to supply her with characteristics acceptable for the masculine gender such s forcefulness, aggressiveness and determination, impressively succeeding in good and veil’s parallel existence. We will write a custom essay sample on The Good Woman of Setzguan Brecht or any similar topic only for you Order Now Undoubtedly, the writer equips Sheen Et with the indispensable weapons – on Shush Tat’s character – to survive society’s cruelty while protecting her humanity, goodness and generosity – on her real character. Further in the play, Breech brings out love’s obliteration within a selfish world through a woman’s hopeless attempts to conceal her loving feelings and the pain of betrayal behind the mask of a powerful man. Yang Son’s separate attempt to use Sheen Tee’s love for the attainment of his dreams boldly shows the estrangement and inhumanity of the capitalistic society. On top of that, the confection of Shush Tat’s character deftly highlights how much the emotional and sensitive disposition of the feminine belies the non- emotional and tough-skinned disposition of the masculine. Admittedly, Breech stirs the audience up by roughly displaying the protagonist fighting her own male creation, fragmented between her love and her need to resist manipulation and society’s immense hypocrisy. Furthermore, Sheen Et making use of her male â€Å"other†, assures herself financially constructing a lucrative business which helps her through a rapacious society. The protagonist appears as a former prostitute, pregnant, in need of money and with her power doomed in a stupor by society taboos. Thus, she adopts a split personality to gain the determination and social approval which allow her to work and secure her family. As we can easily perceive, Shush Ta is the â€Å"means† to achieve two genders’ coexistence despite their incompatible complexions and to display women’s inferior position in he area of employment – causing them insuperable hardships – due to society stereotypes regarding their identity,. To conclude, Breech, through his ingenuity to create Sheen Tee’s male â€Å"other†, not only underscores love and good’s non-existence in a capitalistic and debased world, but also displays society discriminations against women who – cruelly oppressing their own nature – masculine themselves to survive. Undoubtedly, the playwright remarkably provokes audience and reader roughly revealing an appalling capitalism, unable to satisfy any kind of love, benevolence and justice. How to cite The Good Woman of Setzguan Brecht, Papers

Case Study Analysis of Snapshot Industries †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Case Study Analysis of Snapshot Industries. Answer: Introduction The reported study paper has been evaluated to resolve the latest issue of strategic knowledgemanagement within the human resources in Snapshot Industries. Notably, the change in leadership has made a massive difference in themanagement of Snapshot Industries. The main aim of the reported study is to identify how better knowledgemanagement can be introduced at all level of the company reducing the issues such as employee turnover, employee burnout, major production related challenges, and absenteeism, etc (Debowski, 2006). In the context of the case study, the background of the organisation must be described to understand what are the leading challenges associated with the business of Snapshot Industries. Snapshot Industries is a commercial product manufacturing firm that deals in gardening and kitchenware. Under the eminent leadership of Sam, the organisation has been developed with a stronghold of tradition leading to business sustainability and employee engagement. The strong leadership of Sam has introduced a high standard of employee loyalty as ninety-five percent of the employees have been working with Snapshot Industries since the previous twenty years. However, after the death of Sam, his grandson Jim has overtaken the business responsibility. Due to the change in leadership, the tradition and culture of Snapshot Industries have been disrupted as Jim has introduced new business frameworks and service areas. Therefore, collaboration within the staff members has been come out as one of the biggest challenges to deal with by the management. Hence, Snapshot Industries has to deal with inconsistent systems, product line issues, and lack of communication in sharing information. Analysis of the Case Study Reason to consider the issue as a Knowledge Management Problem In the modern business environment, knowledge management is considered as a process of converting the available data into understandable information. On the other hand, knowledge management is a much broader concept than just sharing knowledge and information among the workers. KM is a process of managing the experienced workers and motivating them to work by putting their best efforts in the job (Ermine, 2013). Knowledge management has four major processes that are discussed herein below: Figure: Knowledge Management Process Source: (Al-Hawamdeh, Start and Barachini, 2016) According to the above figure, the first step is to identify the sources of knowledge. The second step is to capture the knowledge from different sources. The third step is to organise the knowledge into communicable information (Al-Hawamdeh, Start and Barachini, 2016). Finally, the last step is to disseminate or spread the knowledge among the new and existing members of the organisation. In the case of Snapshot Industries, the employment of the new workers led to an organisational culture that is not collaborative one to share knowledge. The new policies of the Jim were unable to implement a corporate culture in the organisation that would promote sharing of knowledge (Tiwana, 2013). The new management policy did not have any benefits for the older employees that made them restrict the change. On the other hand, the unwillingness of the old staffs to share knowledge became a major challenge for the management of the company. Furthermore, the management faced difficulty in locating t he source of expertise for the new staffs (Debowski, 2006). Moreover, the management lack proper documentation of the transfer of tacit knowledge became another primary challenge for the company. Hence, the management failed to implement an adequate model for the knowledge management that makes the experts see the problems as one linked to knowledge management. Types of Knowledge and Strategic Knowledge in Snapshot Industries The current circumstances of Snapshot Industries have involved substantial types of knowledge within the human resource management of the company. Under the leadership of Sam, Snapshot Industries has developed a workforce that has the experience of the market condition as well as a production line (Reddy, 2015). Precisely, the expertise of the old employees can be identified as one of the most comprehensive knowledge available to Snapshot Industries. In the existing business scenario, Jim has tried to introduce the modern technologies too quickly within the functions of the management. As a result of the scenario, the lack of training and induction programme has affected in an adverse way (Debowski, 2006). On the other hand, the predictability of the tasks and routine work schedule can be recognised as another substantial knowledge among the employees of Snapshot Industries. Also, the change in leadership has introduced the computerised system in the departments to increase the pace of the departments. Finally, the centralised record system has been one of the vital knowledge that can be found in Snapshot Industries. On a broader perspective, the strategic knowledge of Snapshot Industries can be identified leading to strategic goal expansion of the business. First of all, expertise knowledge of the experienced human resources has been recognised as an essential strategic knowledge. Almost ninety-five percent of the old staffs have been engaged with the firm since last twenty years. Hence, their tactical knowledge and skills have been the major strategic knowledge for Snapshot Industries (Juul Andersen and Minbaeva, 2013). Alternatively, the management information system developed by Snapshot Industries can be termed as the other most evident strategic knowledge. The management information system has enabled the employees to define how the tasks will be completed on the schedule. Finally, the knowledge about the target market audience can be defined as a substantial strategic knowledge (Ermine, 2013). By identifying the customers perception and need, Snapshot Industries has manufactured diversifie d products to be competitive in the market. Employee Turnover and Solutions The long time workers of the firm have a deep knowledge about the company and its customers. On the other hand, the older employees possess important information that helps them to do their job in a better way. Meanwhile, with the resignation and retirement of the long time employees, their skills, knowledge and abilities depart with them. Additionally, the companys investment to train the older workforce also drains with the resignation and retirement of the employees (Juul Andersen and Minbaeva, 2013). In other words, the company would have incurred a huge expense in order to acquire the talent and develop their skills and competencies. Hence, the turnover of the employees drains the cost incurred by the firm. On the other hand, when those workers go to the competitors, they multiply the strengths of the rivals. The rivals get a competitive advantage in the market with talented and experienced workers who already know the strategies and tactics of the older company. On the other hand, the employees represent the organisation to the customers (Agrawal, 2014). Hence, with the departure of the employees, the customers of the firm also reduce. Therefore, the resignation or retirement of the older employees can be considered as a major issue for the organisation. In order to mitigate the issue of employee resignation and retirement, Snapshot can implement the following strategies: Opportunities for growth and development: The management must provide growth and development opportunities by implementing modern training and development programmes (Parsons, 2014). For example, the older employees can be taught to use modern technology in order to improve their skills and competencies. Recognition and appreciation: Recognition and appreciation for the hard work can be an effective strategy to retain the old workers. The old employees can be appreciated for their hard work and promoted to better positions in order to motivate them towards their job (Juul Andersen and Minbaeva, 2013). It will increase the satisfaction level of the workforce and promote knowledge exchange. Better compensation and benefits: Finally, the compensation and benefit packages can be modified to retain the old workers in the job (Al-Hawamdeh, Start and Barachini, 2016). A better compensation and benefit package will increase the satisfaction and motivation level of the workers by meeting their expectation. Leadership of Jim: Reasons for consultants concern In the current scenario of Snapshot Industries, there are three major aspects of concern over the leadership of Jim. Precisely, Snapshot Industries is a company that has extremely valued the tradition of the firm under the leadership of Sam. After the death of Sam, Jim has come to the scene and has tried to change the management structure based on modern facilities and system (Debowski, 2006). Therefore, inability to identify the objectives and goals can be defined as the first concern over the leadership. In reality, if a leader has shown inability in identifying the objectives and goals, the directionless moves can create an adverse effect on the productivity and functions of the firm. In the case of Snapshot Industries, the same thing can be observed. Secondly, Jim has underrated the skills, expertise, and experience of the old staffs attached to the firm since previous twenty years. Therefore, the inefficiency of the leader in utilising the expertise, knowledge, and skills of the best employees can be identified as the major worry for the consultant (Harkness, 2010). On the other hand, lack of commitment shown by the leader in changing the organisational culture has been considered as the foremost reason for the consultants concern over leadership. Impact of leadership of Jim In context to the case, the leadership of Jim has adversely affected the business as well as management of Snapshot Industries, to say the least. Precisely, the leadership of Jim has developed an inconsistent system within the management (Ishikawa and Naka, 2015). As a result of the inconsistent system, the old employees have shown reluctance to participate in the latest infrastructure. Therefore, the change management has failed in a significant way. On the other hand, the leadership of Jim has forced the employees to work in a different proposition (Tsang, 2013). As an outcome of the event, the uniformity of the task and employee collaboration has been disrupted. Alternatively, Jim has forced the old staffs to quickly adopt the latest computerised technology. Due to such stance of Jim, stress level among the old employees has increased to cope up with the competitive environment. Some of the old employees have preferred retirement due to burnout (Agrawal, 2014). Critically, the underrated traditional employees have been reluctant to share their expertise with the rest of the new members. As a result of the scenario, unavailability of expertise has become one of the major issues in the production line due to the unconventional leadership strategies of Jim. Ways to improve Jims leadership In order to influence the role and responsibilities of the staffs, Jim should lead by example. For instance, during the change management, Jim must take active participation to introduce the benefits associated with the computerised system and record keeping. Precisely, the senior employees should be given the flexibility to use the technology as per their choice based on their contribution (Clement, 2013). Moreover, Jim should concentrate on building a collaborative environment within the workplace where senior employees and new members of the organisation can work in an efficient way. Furthermore, in order to reduce the stress of the senior management employees, precise stress management techniques should be introduced to make the employees feel more relaxed and comfortable (Aagaard, 2013). Thus, the knowledge management system can be linked to the overall goals and objective of the firm. Relatively, Jim must capture and utilise the expertise, knowledge, and skills of the senior management members by involving them in the corporate governance. In this way, the skills and knowledge of the employees can be used as the core competencies influencing the competitive advantage (Hizmetli, 2014). Evidently, an effective communication system must be developed within the organisation leading to change management. By implementing effective communication strategy, collaboration among the workforce can be increased so that the skills of the senior management employees can be shifted towards the new talents leading to sustainability of business in the long-term (du Plessis, 2017). Areas to reflect knowledge management principles The knowledge management principles are the guidelines set by an organisation to manage knowledge among the team and individuals. The establishment of the principles is the most effective action that can be taken by the management to support the knowledge management program. Hence, the areas of employees expertise mostly need to reflect the principles of knowledge management (Awad and Ghaziri, 2012). The reflection of the knowledge management principles increases the recognition of the profitable value of the workers knowledge. Hence, it helps in motivating the workers to enhance the performance of the workforce (Ishikawa and Naka, 2015). On the other hand, the reflection of the knowledge management principles in the area of employee expertise will help the management to use effective ways of managing the intellectual assets by using electronic processes. In order to become competitive in the upcoming future, the management needs to abandon the idea of information hoarding and holding knowledge sharing (Ko and Ma, 2017). Competitive advantage can be achieved by focusing on how the intellectual capital of the firm is managed from detaining, regulating and disseminating of information to acquire better competencies through the implementation of training and development programmes. On the other hand, the management needs to reengineer the business processes in order to improve the employees expertise (Awad and Ghaziri, 2012). Hence, the management of Snapshot needs to implement knowledge management guidelines in order to effectively use its intellectual assets and promote sharing of knowledge among the organisations members. On the other hand, the principles will help the company to maintain a balance in its workforces expertise to promote productivity and retain the old staffs. Knowledge Management as Strategy In the existing management circumstances, the decision-making of Jim has affected the roles and responsibilities of the old employees. During the restructuring of the management of Snapshot Industries, Jim has failed to apply the process of knowledge management. In order to share the knowledge of the staff members, strategic initiatives should have been considered (Samnani, Boekhorst and Harrison, 2012). Therefore, knowledge management is a significant strategy in this particular case of Snapshot Industries. Precisely, Jim has got some strategic objectives such as increasing the product lines and services in the manufacturing department. Alternatively, Jim has undervalued the efforts and expertise of the old human resources (Lustigman, 2015). By utilising the knowledge management strategy, the collaboration among the old employees and the new staff members can be managed in an effective way. Knowledge management strategy can be effective in knowledge sharing and retention of knowledge for the long-term sustainability of business (Oluikpe, 2012). Moreover, knowledge management systems have valued the existing management structures so that leading competencies, skills, and knowledge can be passed from the senior management officials to the juniors (Michailova and Sidorova, 2011). By linking the knowledge management strategy with the overall objective, the performance and employee relations can be increased at the highest standard as well (Lindberg, 2013). In the case of Snapshot Industries, knowledge management strategy is highly recommended for the management to eradicate the negative aspects affecting the communication network and knowledge retention mechanisms. Knowledge management as a solution to the problems of Snapshot Most of the organisations focus on producing products and services for the customers. Meanwhile, the companies missed to emphasis on producing knowledge to create value. Hence, the production of knowledge must be an essential part of the entire production process (Burke and Cooper, 2014). The major challenge that is faced by the modern organisation is to disseminate the knowledge among all members to enhance their expertise. The people with high knowledge have the potential for high level of value creation. According to Hizmetli (2014), ability and knowledge of the people are irreplaceable capital of the firm. On the other hand, the success of the firm relies on the effectiveness of the people to share their competence with others who can use it (Samnani, Boekhorst and Harrison, 2012). Hence, the implementation of the knowledge management strategy is the solution to all the problems of Snapshot Industries. For example, ATTs knowledge management system helps the employees to access the instantly access the solutions to the customers problems (Burke and Cooper, 2014). Hence, the knowledge management system of the company helps the customer service representatives to solve the problems of the customers in few minutes. On the other hand, Monsanto uses a expert network to spread knowledge among the members of the organisation that improves the competencies of the workforce. In the same way, Snapshot can implement an advanced knowledge management system by detaining, regulating and disseminating information in order to mitigate the issues of the current workforce. Conclusion According to the case study on Snapshot Industries, the management faces the issue of high employee turnover and conflicts among the workforce due to a lack of knowledge management system. On the other hand, the implementation of the changes at a quicker speed has resulted in adverse consequences for the company. Hence, the company needs to focus on knowledge management principles in order to improve the employees expertise and improve its productivity. Furthermore, the implementation of the knowledge management system will retain back its workers and reduce the cost of recruiting and training new talents. Conclusively, knowledge management as a strategy will help the firm to mitigate its issues and enhance its growth in the market. References Aagaard, A. (2013). 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